10429: USACO 2024 January Contest, Platinum Problem 2. Merging Cells
Description
There are $N$ ($2\le N\le 5000$) cells in a row labeled $1\dots N$ from left to right, with initial sizes $s_1,s_2,\dots,s_N$ ($1\le s_i\le 10^5$). While there is more than one cell, a pair of adjacent cells is selected uniformly at random and merged into a single new cell according to the following rule:
If a cell with label $a$ and current size $c_a$ is merged with a cell with label $b$ and current size $c_b$, the resulting cell has size $c_a+c_b$ and label equal to that of the larger cell, breaking ties by larger label. Formally, the label of the resulting cell is $\begin{cases} a & c_a > c_b \\ b & c_a < c_b \\ \max(a,b) & c_a = c_b \end{cases}.$
For each label $i$ in the range $1\dots N$, the probability that the final cell has label $i$ can be expressed in the form $\frac{a_i}{b_i}$ where $b_i\not\equiv 0\pmod{10^9+7}$. Output $a_ib_i^{-1}\pmod{10^9+7}$.
Input
The next line contains $s_1,s_2,\dots, s_N$.
Output
Sample 1 Input
3
1 1 1
Sample 1 Output
0
500000004
500000004
(1, 2) -> 2, (2, 3) -> 2 (2, 3) -> 3, (1, 3) -> 3
So with probability $1/2$ the final cell has label 2 or 3.
Sample 2 Input
4
3 1 1 1
Sample 2 Output
666666672
0
166666668
166666668
(1, 2) -> 1, (1, 3) -> 1, (1, 4) -> 1 (1, 2) -> 1, (3, 4) -> 4, (1, 4) -> 1 (2, 3) -> 3, (1, 3) -> 1, (1, 4) -> 1 (2, 3) -> 3, (3, 4) -> 3, (1, 3) -> 3 (3, 4) -> 4, (2, 4) -> 4, (1, 4) -> 4 (3, 4) -> 4, (1, 2) -> 1, (1, 4) -> 1
So with probability $2/3$ the final cell has label 1, and with probability $1/6$ the final cell has label 3 or 4.